Mens Paternity Leave

College Writing English 111 Fall 2012 Essay #3: Writing Strategy Prompts Evaluation Using the techniques of social satire modeled in â€Å"A Word from My Anti-Phone Soapbox† (pg. 131), assess a public policy, social movement, or cultural trend you believe deserves serious and detailed criticism. But don’t write a paper simply describing your target as dangerous, pathetic, or unsuccessful. Instead, make people laugh at your target while also offering a plausible alternative. Causal Analysis After examining the way Charles Paul Freund deals with jeans (pg. 70), identify a comparable trend you have noticed or a change in society or culture that deserves scrutiny. It might relate to technology, entertainment, political preference, fashion, popularity of careers, or other areas. Write an analysis of the phenomenon, considering either causes or potential consequences of this new mania. Then illustrate the trend with images that suggest its cultural reach or significance. Spen d some time in the opening of your paper describing the trend and establishing that it is consequential.Rhetorical Analysis Using Seth Stevenson’s â€Å"Ad Report Card Can Cougars Sell Cough Drops? † on pg. 253 as a model, write your own critical analysis of a single ad or full ad campaign you find worthy of attention. Choose a fresh campaign, one that hasn’t yet received much commentary. Literary Analysis In â€Å"Insanity: Two Women† (pg. 231), Kanaka Sathasivan does a close, almost line-by-line analysis of Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain†; then she compares the themes and strategies of the poem to those she finds n Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † For a project of your own, do either a close reading of a favorite short poem or song or a comparison of two works from different genres of media. For the close reading, tease out all the meanings and strategies you can uncover and show readers how the text works. For the comparison, be sure to being with works that interest you because of some important similarity: They may share a theme or plot or even be the same work in two different media—The Prince of Persia video game and movie, for instance.

4 MAT Book Review Essay

Summary In Dr. H. Norman Wrights book â€Å"The Complete Guide to Crisis & Trauma Counseling: What to Do and Say when it Matters Most†, which was published in 2011 focuses on how to counsel those in a crisis situation. The book begins by Dr. Wright discussing his personal life story of dealing with loss, crisis, and trauma. His story is the foundation of the subject in how to counsel someone and knowing when to refer a person to someone with more experience. The book aims at helping those who are experiencing life’s daily struggles with biblical principles and to encourage the individual to persevere through the hard times. Dr. Wright’s strongest point in the reading is stating the ability to be a good counselor is to hold his or her tongue. He expresses the need of talking more than 25 percent of the time, you’re talking too much. Listening is a key component when communicating with others. Listening means your focusing and understanding the feelings of the person expressing their feelings. Dr. Wright discusses when you allow your mind to be busy, you’re not concentrating on what is being said. A good counselor will listen openly with their eyes, body and showing there empathy towards the crisis or trauma. The book then unfolds on demonstrating a strong understanding of the individual’s feelings and emotions. He empathizes that counselors should be aware of themselves before counseling others on any situation. Since Dr. Wright uses biblical passages as examples in ministering others, he recommends that ministers use Jesus as an example on treating a crisis or trauma victim. He teaches to ministers that once the advice is given, it cannot be taken back. The individual is going through a traumatic event and if the words aren’t chosen correctly, it could have a drastic impact on their life. Counseling those in need require one to provide the individual  with unconditional love and hope. Showing compassion towards the individual gives them strength to get through their past trauma or crisis. The book reminds counselors that a crisis can occur at any given moment in their client’s life. Dr. Wright acknowledges that ministers and other church personal will work with the same client plenty of times. Those in crisis situations can be in a devastating circumstances such as being diagnosed with cancer; which can reoccur and develop as time passes by. Another key component in the reading is the Crisis of Suicide. Ministering those who wish to commit suicide can be difficult. As these individuals need intervention right away because their life is at stake. Dr. Wright focuses on taking the initial help to keep the person alive and to help them gain insight on how he or she came to this current place. Ministering a suicidal individual is to simply be as much help as possible but to remember this person’s life is not on your shoulders (Wright, 2011). Dr. Wright focuses on the deaths one will encounter and how to deal with the loss of a loved one, friend or pet. He lets the reader know that deaths can be predictable, and eve expected but to know you will encounter one situation. Dr. Wrights tells when ministering the person in crisis, that you have to help the individual sort out his or her issues. Working with someone through the process of grieving takes the appropriate time to be addressed. He states how children cope through their losses in childhood, can potentially impact their lives as adults (Wright, 2011). Children experiencing a crisis need counseling immediately because they can become emotionally impaired. Overall Dr. Wright’s book is providing the best advice to minsters, counselors and lay counselors. His book is very detailed on providing the best advice to those in any kind of crisis, trauma or loss. It is a must read book! Concrete Responses Dr. Wright’s book reminds me of a personal life episode I went through years ago. The chapter that caught my attention was Chapter 14 â€Å"The Crisis of Suicide†. It proved to be a story telling chapter for my own personal life. I never in my life imagined that I would go through something traumatic as suicide. I say that because I am a very happy person but sometimes even the happiest person is also hurting on the inside. I remember the day and time  when the whole scenario occurred. I was home alone and very distraught with where my life was headed. I was in a mentally draining relationship and I felt absolutely low of myself. This was rare for me because I am a very outgoing individual, who barely cares about what others think about me. I was feeling excessively lonely, angry, tired, misused and drained from my current situation. It was like I felt all these emotions at once but nothing I would do could ease the pain. Suicide played in my mind all the time in this difficult period. Death seem so much easier to deal with but I was terribly wrong. I remember talking to my father before he passed and told him my intentions of not wanting to live anymore. My dad was very hurt by my words but at that moment I didn’t really care what others thought. I recall when he sat me down and asked me why I would want to end my life at such a young age. My mind wasn’t mentally prepared for that question because all I could think about was not being here anymore. I never gave him the answers, I just wanted to end the hurt and pain. I couldn’t tell him I wanted to kill myself over a boyfriend. He would have looked at me in such a daze and probably would have been confused by my actions. My father never really liked my boyfriend from the beginning so to lose his daughter over him would be heartbreaking. In the reading, Dr. Wright states that a person who wants to commit suicide sees it as their only solution and that those around should help the individual to discover other solutions (Wright, 2011). As I begin to think back on this encounter, I never had another solution to help me with my problems. Dr. Wright focuses on how suicide hides behind many faces. This is beyond true because you can never judge a book by its cover. Even the happiest individuals are suffering. Depression is a key factor when it comes to suicide. As I went through my daily schedule, I pretended to be just fine but I wasn’t. If I never had that conversation with my father, I probably would have ended my own life. It’s amazing how life works because it made me think should I end my life over a boy? Are my issues that severe that I want to die? Dr. Wright explains how suicide is waiting to happen and that you don’t recognize it because the individual has repress their depressive symptoms into rage (Wright, 2011). I enjoyed reading about how to deal with the crisis of suicide because everything he stated, I replayed in my mind and gained insight on how far I have come. Reflection Dr. Wright’s book showed me how to handle any crisis situation. His book discussed a variety of crisis situations and how you can approach the individual in need. It is not easy to minster or counsel someone, so to have read Dr. Wright’s book gave me great insight for my future. I strongly agreed on his discussion about listening and being quiet while the individual is speaking. This is imperative because you can’t fully understand the person speaking if your consuming thoughts while their talking. This area is something I am working on because although I don’t mean to do it I find myself brainstorming as the individual is speaking. As I read on, Dr. Wright states how you are not really listening to person who is speaking. As I began to read, certain questions came across my mind. I asked myself, â€Å"What would information would I like to further on†? I started with this question because after reading, I realized I grew attached with counseling ch ildren and adolescents. Children go through numerous amounts of grief and trauma. Since they are continuing to grow, they hold onto their grief differently than adults. I would have liked to see how the crisis of suicide intertwines with children. As suicide is continuing to grow in the United States. I would have liked to seen more on the younger age to counsel them. Counseling children is very complex but when you include suicide, I would of liked to seen how to counsel children when there contemplating suicide. Teenagers are committing suicide more often now due to social media and bullying. Not all teens will speak of suicide but for the ones who do, I would like to see how to discuss this topic with them. In the reading it did discuss how to help a suicidal individual but I feel like working with a child or adolescent should be communicated differently. What challenged me in this content was reading chapter 10, â€Å"When Time Doesn’t Heal All Wounds†. This chapter speaks volumes for my own life because we all go through something. I often wonder how I can assist someone if I don’t heal my own wounds. This chapter opened my eyes as to what trauma really is and how it has affected my own personal life. I agree strongly with Dr. Wright on how it affects who we are. Another limitation that I would have liked to have seen is how to deal with confrontation in a biblical perspective. Dr. Wright discusses using empathy and other skill behaviors related to the word of God but what about when confrontation individual in helping them make better choices. I think it’s important to know how to confront clients and being  able to determine the correct time for a confrontation. Application The most crucial element after reading this amazing book is learning to incorporate this material into your daily life. Helping others in difficult times is my greatest mission in life. I am committed to helping those entering any crisis stage of their life. It is important to be able to comprehend visually and to be helpful to those in any crisis state of mind. I love how Dr. Wright uses biblical passages and verses within his counseling skills. This is a great way to help minister your clients effectively. I learned that when ministering it is vital to remember the root in the work of serving others, God’s word. The compassion in helping those is the greatest ability one can have. A key area I want to work on is ministering to children. Children need all the tender love and care when there is a loss, crisis or trauma situation. It can be a scary point, and I want to take the words from Dr. Wright to assist them effectively. Talking to children is completely different then ta lking to an adult. Children perceive information differently than adults do. They grieve in a different manner as well. Dr. Wright taught me it is critical to communicate with a child because it helps to solve many issues. This will be excellent for my personal growth in aiding those children who need help. Children have a harder time but so do adolescents. When adolescents transition into a teenager this can be tough when a loss has occurs. I believe dealing with adolescents is tougher then young children because not many teenagers want to converse with you. There more hesitant and indirect with their responses. This book influence my personal growth with teenagers as well because teenagers are reluctant to talk to a counselor or minister. When it comes to my life, I plan to make initial changes. I want to communicate effectively when counseling those in a crisis or trauma need. Dr. Wright’s book taught me to listen so I can understand what the individual is saying to me. I want to take the time to learn who I am so I can help those suffering. My task is to help others, and I want the individual seeking help to believe I can encourage them to change and have faith in them. One thing I tend to do is be afraid. Mark 5:36 tell us to not be afraid just believe. I believe I can make the initial improvements in my words and how I speak to those in need to give them a proper perspective. I plan to be quiet and  clear my thoughts when someone is telling me their problem. Listening means that I am trying to understand the feelings of the other person speaking (Wright, 2011). As I continue to read, I am influenced by his biblical passages integrated into his concepts. I am a genuine person but sometimes I don’t know how to speak to those when there grieving. It’s kind of weird because I love helping others but sometimes I am at lost for words. I want to continue to work on when saying the right words in a right manner. When an individual is in a crisis, the way one speaks sets the tone on how the person takes the information. I just want to continue to lead people to Christ and help those suffering with grief in their life. By making changings in my life through Dr. Wright’s book, I can integrate the Word of God and assist individuals in having a healthy life. It is vital to make the person feel safe and build trust. Reference Wright, H. Norman (2011). The Complete Guide to Crisis & Trauma Counseling: What to Do and Say When It Matters Most! (p. 251). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

A simple informative essay on child abuse Essay

Child abuse is the controlled acts that result in the physical or emotional damage of children. The term ?child abuse? covers different ranges of behavior, from physical assault by parents or gaurdians to neglecting a child. Child abuse is wrong and God didn?t create children for adults to abuse. They are blessings, not burdens. There is child abuse in the world because of ignorant people who want to feel powerful, so they beat on little kids and these kids think that violence against children is okay because their parents did it to them. They learn the wrong ways to parent a child, and this has to stop. It?s destroying our country. There are four main types of abuse: physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect. Neglect is the most popular type of abuse. There are two types of neglect: pysical and emotional. With physical neglect, a parent fails to provide physical things, like food, medical care and shelter. Emotional neglect is when a parent fails to comfort the child or not pay attention to them. This includes being unaffectionate to them or allowing them to use alcohol or drugs. Physical abuse is intentional acts of violence that can injure or even kill children. Signs of physical abuse may include unexplained bruises, burn marks or broken bones. Sexual abuse is when adults use children for sexual satisfaction or force them into sexual activities. It may begin with kissing and/or fondling and progress to more indulging acts, like oral sex or intercourse. Emotional abuse is when an adult destroys a child?s self-esteem. You can do this by repeated verbal abuse in the forms of shouts, threats, humiliating or degrading criticism. Other types of emotional abuse are confinement, like shutting children in a dark closet or basement, and what is called social isolation. Social isolation is like when an adult denies the child to have friends. In 1997, 3 million children in the U.S. were reported as abused or neglected according to the National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect. There is another 1 million children whose cases go unreported. If convicted of child abuse, the abusers could spend up to one month in jail. Not prison, jail. If these people do not go to prison, they should at least spend more than one  month in jail. These people are disturbed if they beat on innocent children. Is is a fact that 2,000 children under the age of 18 are killed by parents or their caregivers and more kids under the age of four die from abuse than falling down, drowning, fires, choking on food or car accidents. 18,000 abused children do not die from the abuse, they suffer permanent disibilites. When the public sees child abuse cases being reported in the news, they assume the abusers are mentally ill but fewer than ten percent of these people have mental disorders which is very sad. These people supposedly love their children, and what do they do to show their love? They batter their children, rape them and make them feel like it is their fault that it happened. It is said that they really love their children, but they have less patience and a less mature attitude than most parents. There is no excuse for mistreating children and society is making excuses saying that there are many reasons why someone would abuse a child. They use stress and being a social outcast as excuses and because of this, we are hurting our country?s future. The consequences of child abuse and neglect can be devastating on a child. The physical injuries can vary from bruises, scrapes, burns, possibly brain damage, permanent disibilities and even death. The psychological injuries of abuse and neglect can sometimes be worse than the physical. They can last a lifetime and can include a low sense of self-worth, a reduced attention span, learning disorders and an inability to realate to their peers. Severe cases of abuse may cause disorders like depression, anxiety, identity crisis and an increased risk of sucide. During the abuse process, the victim may fall into a life of violence and crime. Some children may show no signs of disturbance, and many can cope with their problems. It is said that having a high intelligence, excellent achievement in school, having close personal relationships and not having a temper may help vent all the mistreatment in their life. This is really sad, these children grow up and don?t expose the people who hurt them in their childhood. The abusers walk without any guilt hanging over them and they don?t have to pay the bad deeds that they did. This is the kind of thing that makes people sick when they watch the news and hear about all the abuse. It?s revolting. There are many types of social programs in the United States. Usually the country and state levels of these programs have attempted to reduce and prevent child abuse. There are current approaches to determine who could potentially be at high-risk of being abusers, such as a young, single, first-time mother. These programs provide parent training, counseling, eduation and social support by visiting the home frequently, ecouraging the parent to be involved in the community, since it is less likely for an abuser to be involved with his/her community, and increasing the gaurdian?s knowledge about social services. There is also a program that is for unmarried teenage mothers. It is a home visitation program and these people visit the mother?s home before or when the child is born for two or maybe more years. With all the mother?s in the program, only four percent have gone on to abuse their child. 19 percent of women not in the program abuse their child(ren). Sadly, there are studies that show the more intervention programs a family receives, the more abuse occurs in the family. Many children learn how to be violent from their parents and they grow up and mistreat their own children. With this, the abusive behavior becomes a cycle and is transmitted through the generations. 30 percent of abused kids become abusive parents, but two out of three percent of non-abused children become abusive. Children who experience abuse and violence may adopt this behavior and use it as an example for their own parenting. Thankfully the majority of victims of abuse do not become abusers. Experts believe that later in life, these kids realize their parent?s behavior was wrong. Children who believe that their behavior is what caused the abuse and and deserved it are more likely to become abusive parents than the children who believed their parents were wrong to abuse them.

How young children pay attention to directionality, shape, size, Essay

How young children pay attention to directionality, shape, size, spatial orientation in producing different writing scripts - Essay Example the reason why as they grow up, their primary school teacher may choose to stick to one or two writing scripts depending on the child so as to eliminate the chances that the child may be caught up in the mix of these writing scripts. Based on that, the aim of this research essay is to gain more knowledge about bilingual learning and/ or script writing in young children; emergent literacy; the issues related to the acquisition of literacy in young children; how children learn different writing systems; writing different scripts and the design of symbols and embodied knowledge. In a study that was conducted by Kenner et al. (2004), children who had bilingual capabilities always had the capability to communicate in between â€Å"two worlds† or â€Å"multiple worlds† for the case of those who were highly talented. In addition to that, these children had the capability to determine their unique and/ or distinct differences in their specific writing systems, other writing systems and graphic representations. From the same study, the young children involved showcased that they were not only capable of incorporating different writing scripts into their learning experience, but they were also capable of determining the fact that they were in actual fact using different writing scripts and/ or directionalities so as to communicate efficiently. A good example is that of the Chinese children who were in a position to determine that their language involved the use of symbols and not alphabetical letters when compared to other languages such as English. In addition to that, the Arabic children were able to determine that their language was different in the sense that they wrote from right to left and not vice versa as compared to the English language. Lastly, the Hispanic children were able to determine that their language vowels were different from the English spoken vowels (Kenner et al., 2004). Based on these results, it was determined that these children were highly

Division-Classification Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Division-Classification - Assignment Example Classification can also prove helpful in writing as it allows a writer to classify different sets of arguments or ideas in writing. This is why division and classification has great importance in writing. The steps that are mentioned in the chapter can also prove to be helpful for anyone who is writing an essay on any subject. Setting the principle for division and classification is important as it helps a writer brainstorm different ideas about the essay. One of the most difficult things in writing is to start the process of writing. Many people find it the most difficult part of writing any essay. By setting division and classification principle one can easily start the brainstorming for any piece of writing. It is also important to logically arrange ideas in any writing so that there is a logical flow in the paper. This is important for audiences as it will make the understanding of any writing easy. These are the most important things I have learned from the chapter. This chapter will help me use division and classification and incorporate these in my future

Proj Risk Mgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proj Risk Mgmt - Essay Example Strategies to control the risks are identified, plans are established on how to deal with the risk, and the correct action is taken (PMBOK, 2008, pp 309). Risk audits are also carried out to examine the value of the risks responses when dealing with the cause of the risk, and how effective the risk management plan is. When conducting the risk management, trend analysis is used to monitor performance of the project. Technical measurements compare technical accomplishments during a project implementation to the project management schedule. Moreover, the technical performance can be used to compare the results of the management plan with the targets. In order for the risk management plan to be effective, reserve analysis is carried out to compare the amount of reserve that has remained to the total amount of risk remaining. In addition, the amount of time required to tackle a risk depends on the number of risks identified (PMBOK 2008, Pp 310). Project schedule slippage This term means t he delay in the completion of a project from the estimated time scheduled for completion. A project can be delayed due to various reasons such as; lack of proper planning, re-doing of a particular section of work for some time hence taking over the expected time, lack of enough resources for a project to be completed on time, proper planning and willingness to carry out the task. A lot of time is wasted when resources, tools, and equipments run out of stock, thus the employees have to wait for delivery. Indeed, this wasted time is not accounted for. Another factor to consider is the time wastage due to un-inevitable event, for instant, the illness of a coordinator will require waiting until he gets better or hiring a new one who will take time to familiarize with the project. Schedule delay may cause problems to the owners and contractors of that project in that, the additional time added may amount to many unplanned added costs. Therefore, it is important for every project to be ma naged to a schedule (Hullet, 2009, pp, 1). Diagnostic metrics This metric is used to provide information on a system. Diagnostic metrics assess the situation of a system, detect any anomalies, and forecast on future problems based on the latest date. The root cause of a variance is usually determined via the use of metrics. With the cause of each variance identified, it easy to know what measures to take. After dealing with the main variance problem, it is easier to tackle related problems that will arise in the project (Kendrick, 2010, pp 278). However, â€Å"metrics can be used to detect changes, make performance and progress visible, evaluate progress evaluation, and trigger process improvements† (Kendrick, 2009, pp 237). Since incorrect activity duration estimates may push all personnel into work too early or too late, how can a Project Manager motivate their teams by learning more accurate estimating? First, a manager can match a task to an employee depending on his avai lability, such that, he is sure that the task will be completed within the agreed time. This strategy makes it possible for an employee to dedicate his effort on the assignment since the manager relies on him. Secondly, the manager may reallocate assignments to those employees who have fewer assignments. This creates a sense of equality among employees. A manager can also assign critical part of an

Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Multicultural Education - Essay Example The race is an insightful contributor towards the increasing need to embrace multicultural education around the world. In regard to the increasing interaction of different communities online and physically particularly on an education platform, multiculturalism is promoted by the author in lengths and depths. By offering a global approach from the United States and European perspective on the topic, the author is clearly relevant to the contemporary socio-economic and political dynamism among learners. In an effort to achieve cultural diversity among the various people of diverse backgrounds in schools, the author emphasizes the importance of tolerance for a better learning environment. Despite demonstrating the outstanding significance of this concept, the text has some information gap in regard to comparative statistics to support facts. The author introduces the role of multicultural education. In the United States, the author portrays a society of multi cultural characteristics with significantly diverse socio-economic and political viewpoint. In that respect, Learners must be accommodated in their different cultural backgrounds to promote expression of individual’s views with the goal of achieving convergent interests. The author emphasizes education system as critical in imparting democratic spirit in the society as it involves learners from childhood towards adulthood. The text is relevant to the increasing need to expand democratic approach in conflict resolution and sound governance systems in this era of globalization.

A Comparison of the Woman of Willendorf and the Lion Human Sculpture Essay

A Comparison of the Woman of Willendorf and the Lion Human Sculpture - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that two pieces that have survived thousands of years to provide scholars with references to human existence during the Paleolithic period are the Woman of Willendorf figure and the Lion Man of Hohlenstein-Stadel. Each figure is rendered with surprising detail, even though they are not detailed to the extent of realism. The Woman of Willendorf is one of the best examples of the small ‘Venuses’ that have been found, suggesting that her purpose was a part of a cultural set of beliefs about women and fertility. The Lion Man, on the other hand, is a unique find that relates to the composite figures that are documented from other cultures within which the associated mythologies have been discovered. The Lion Man, however, has no known mythology that is available in known written history. The two pieces suggest a mystery about the Paleolithic era, acknowledging a sense of religion and ritual that was a part of the lives of those who lived in that era, and informing modern scholars on some aspects of the people of that era. Â  The Woman of Willendorf figure, discovered in Austria, is a small sculpture that measures only 4 Â ½ inches in height. The piece is between 25,000 and 30,000 years old, making it among one of the earliest pieces of art discovered and is most likely an image of fertility. The work was carved from limestone with evidence that some form of paint pigment was then applied. Her details are not sculpted in detail, however, with no face defined but with small curls covering her head. She is fleshy and round, her breasts large and her belly hanging large below them. She is one of a number of figures that most likely were used as fertility charms and they are of a size that suggests that they might have been held in the hand to invoke their power. All of the similar figures have the same kind of large breasts, belly and buttocks as seen on the Woman of Willendorf. The indications that the piece re presents is that sex and art have always had a close relationship (Honour and Fleming 2). The Hohlenstein-Stadel Lion Man was discovered in southern Germany and is a larger piece than was more often found from the period that it was made. The piece was made around 32,000 BCE, making it also one of the earliest known pieces of sculpture and measures at about 11 ? inches tall (Haarmann 62). The piece was not intact when it was discovered in a cave near Hohlenstein-Stadel Germany and has been carefully restored so that its beauty can be appreciated. The work was done out of mammoth ivory and is representative of a human formed feline for which the sex is debatable, although it is most often called the ‘Lion Man’. In the ancient near East and in Egypt the composite human and animal figure is well documented and the associated mythologies have been discovered to put the figures in context with the culture. However, the figures of people of the Paleolithic era have left no kn own texts with which to understand how the figures fit into the cultural landscape (Gardner and Kleiner 17). From the perspective of personal observation, the ‘Lion Man’ does appear to be male, especially if it is put into context with the female figural pieces that have been found from the Paleolithic period. The shoulder construction and the elongation in the lower center suggest male anatomy. As well, the ‘Venuses’, as they were nicknamed by the 19th century archeologists who discovered them, were primarily full bodied with their gender clearly indicated. The questions about the sex of the figure likely stem from the fact that most of the figures from the period represent women, making this an unusual piece if it does depict a male figure. As well, the figures that are male are more often quite specifically male with a strong phallic representation, making the subtly of this one unusual – although it is possible that a section or piece is missing. One of the more interesting observations that can be made is

Some of the best presents are those that cost the least Essay - 1

Some of the best presents are those that cost the least - Essay Example Not many people are aware that gift giving was originally practiced in early civilizations. People in tribes gave tributes to their leaders as a token of love, loyalty and appreciation. â€Å"They used bark and wood from the trees, and reeds to fashion unique objects. The Roman practice of presenting the Emperor, and each other was with good luck tokens. They received presents in order to procure favor and to demonstrate allegiance, a practice still in place today.† (Corbett, 2010, par. 2) What started as simple and cheap presents eventually led to more intricate, expensive and luxurious gifts. With the growth and development of technology, there are just so many products in the market that any one can choose from. As people become more inventive, innovative, and creative, a wide array of gift items are offered in the market at everyone’s delight. Concurrently, people gained increasingly alternative sources of income giving those potentials to spend more. In an article written by Moon (2009), people started to give expensive and luxurious gifts to â€Å"please the senses, soul, mind and spirit. By nature this type of gift symbolizes something that is not necessarily a necessity, but something that obviously adds pleasure, comfort and frills† (par. 6). Though the giver can obviously afford giving expensive presents, the recipient can either appreciate it or not depending on status, need, and personal philosophy in life. Some of the best presents are those that cost the least. The true value of gifts is not shown in the price tags for the presents bought. Anyone can easily buy anything without sincere regard for what the recipient truly needs. Presents which are well thought of and creatively done by the giver – however simple it is – still is the best present that anyone could give. In an article written in Journey 2 Retirement,

[Art subject] Olympic Sculpture Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

[Art subject] Olympic Sculpture Park - Essay Example Two sheets of identical weathering steel make the curvy objects that are called Ws or Wiggles. In order to fully appreciate the transcendent beauty of the work, one needs to walk the spaces between the Ws. The space between the two enclosing objects will constantly morph to give a unique experience to the walker. I much enjoyed this novel idea of travel through space. Love & Loss is intended public utility. It is an aesthetically designed public sitting space. The seats and benches are crafted to the shapes of letters forming Love & Loss. Sitting there and simply gazing at the surrounding scenery is a relaxing experience that I quite enjoyed. This work of art was made by Roy McMakin and installed in OSP in 2004. Concrete, paint and enamel are the basic building material. The constant wear and tear of this construction has led to several refurbishing, which have taken the sheen off its original beauty. The Father and Son statue work installed in the midst of a water fountain is poetry and philosophy wrung into sculpture. This masterpiece by Louise Bourgeois is made of a conglomeration of metals steel, aluminum and bronze. The water fountain is conceptually the key, as it reveals and hides the statues of the father and the son to various degrees dynamically. Working to a pre-programmed schedule, the two fountains installed beneath the statues will rise and fall showing either the father or the son at a time. It attempts to symbolically show the innate difficulty in a father-son relationship, where strong bonds are seldom seen. Perhaps the Oedipal impulse in the boy-child never lets him connect strongly with the father. The outstretched arms of the two statues is a moment frozen for eternity and shall never consummate the underlying intent, namely to reach and hold the other figure. This work made me think a lot and I took pleasure in the intellectual stimulation it offered via the dynamic visual

History of Measurment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Measurment - Essay Example The Egyptians were not able to monopolize the measuring system. The Babylonians also devised measures stemming from a cubit, though 6 mm longer than that of the Egyptians. This cubit was then divided into 30 kus, roughly equal to a digit. The earliest known decimal system is the Harappan system; from 2500 B.C. to 1700 B.C. Evidence suggests that they had two different series of weights. One system was based on a measurement of the Indus inch (1.32 modern inches). Since their system was based on base-10, ten Indus inches equaled 13.2 inches, the measure of a foot. The other scale was discovered in the form of a bronze rod with markings of 0.367 in. 100 units of that would be 36.7 inches, approximately the length of a stride. Measurements of the Harappan ruins show that they used these measurements extremely accurately. European systems of measurement were based on the Roman system. The Romans, in turn, borrowed their measurements from the Greeks, who had based it on the Babylonians and the Egyptians. Their base unit was the breadth of a finger. Unlike the other cultures, they only had three widely used units of measurement: the finger, the foot and the Greek cubit. The Greeks also standardized weight by stabilizing the size of containers to weigh goods and by creating a standard set of measures. The Romans changed the Greek system slightly, by creating the pace, equal to five feet. Thousand paces was a Roman mile, extraordinarily close to the modern British mile. It was in 1672, that Sir Isaac Newton actually made a vital discovery about the "Newton Rings" which actually used light to measure distances. Neither he nor the world at large understood the great implications of it, and today "interferometry" as it is called helps measure precise distances to within millionths of an inch or a millimeter. The French, on the other hand, used a bewildering array of measures. Standardization was a big problem since no one could come to an agreement. As late as 1788 Arthur Young wrote in "Travels during the years 1787, 1788, 1789" published in 1793, "In France the infinite perplexity of the measures exceeds all comprehension. They differ not only in every province, but also in every district and almost every town". The English though tried to standardize as early as in the 13th century, by England issuing a royal ordinance "Assize of Weights and Measures" to bring some unity. Wren had proposed a new system based on the yard defined as the length of a pendulum beating at the rate of one second in the Tower of London. Britain and Scotland uniting ensured a better prevalence for the system but it was hard when each province wanted its own system followed. In 1824, the English Parliament legalized the yard that was first proposed in 1760. In 1870 the French in Paris convened an International Conference with the aim of improving international scientific cooperation by having the metric system as the worldwide standard. This resulted in seventeen nations signing up and later a few more nations joining in and kind of standardized the metric system. US though were influenced by the colonists who brought with various measurements from their places of origin and for a long time it was an array of measurements. In 1821 John Quincy Adam for the first person to propose to the

Mobile Device Application Essay Example for Free

Mobile Device Application Essay Java ME, in particular MIDP and CLDC specifications and Mobile device hardware Java is also referred to as a programming environment oriented to the server and it is based on a number of technologies which constitutes the Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE). Such technologies include servlets, JavaServer pages (JSPs), and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs). Nowadays, Java is officially known as Java 2 platform and it is divided into three distinct editions: Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE), and Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME). Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) has three concepts, namely profiles, configurations, and optional packages. All of them determine Java features applicable, available application programming interfaces, and the form in which applications are packaged. J2ME has two configurations: Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) and Connected Device Configuration (CDC). CLDC is designed for mobile devices with slow processors (Enrique Eric 2001 pp. 28- 45). There are two versions of CLDC: versions 1. 0 and 1. 1. CLDC specifies the ability of Java virtual machine, a small subset of J2SE 1. 3 classes, and a set of application programming interfaces for output/input which is also called Generic Connection Framework. However, CLDC is limiting programming platform as it does not specify the user interface classes. Hence, alternative classes that are defined by J2ME profile are required and such include MIDP to accomplish anything substantial. Java runtime environments for devices such as pagers, resource-challenged handheld devices, and cell phones is defined by Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP). MIDP target devices are characterized by ample memory to run its applications, bit-addressable display (96*56 pixels), touch screen, and two-way wireless enhanced networking. There exist two versions of MIDP which are defined by Java Community Process and include Java Specification Request 37 (MIDP 1. 0) and Java Specification Request 118 (MIDP 2. 0). Nevertheless, most of the devices in the market apply MIDP 1. Besides, MIDP 1 does not provide standards for interfacing to the phonebook in a device and synchronization of data. In particular, MIDP specifications are silent in one area: ‘how MIDP applications are loaded onto a device and how they are activated or deactivated’ (Enrique Eric 2001 pp. 40-68). Record Management System and MIDlet methods Record management system is a key subsystem of the Mobile Information Device Profile and is an application programming interface. Besides, Record Management system provides a persistence on-device data. Therefore, Record Management System acts as the sole facility for storing data locally –record store. Reason being only a couple of mobile devices sustains a conventional system of files. The MIDP Record Management System facilitates a way in which application data is stored to ensure that it persists across MIDlet. Record Management System is a simp0le database with a row comprised of two columns. One is a unique row identifier while the other contains a sequence of bytes that represents record data. Record stores are identified by a special name which consists of 32 characters in every MIDlet suite. There are a number of MIDlets applicable in the record store. First, ReadWrite MIDlet is creates record store, write down records into persistent storage and reads them, and deletes the record store while exiting. This MIDlet has convenience methods which opens, closes, and deletes record stores. Secondly, IntegerSort MIDlet is used to retrieve records and sort them on basis of their integer value within each record. Nevertheless, its codes do not have a distinct difference from the previous MIDlets. The only additional features are ways of ‘extracting appropriate fields, real sorting, and the comparator image class’. Integer Class MIDlet establishes a sort order by different integers and every record passed through has various Java data. Lastly, is the StringSearch MIDlet which enables searching for records in the Record Management System and it also beefs-up the User Interface. In creating a UI, a text filed, form, and two commands are established. Upon activation, all tasks are executed within the CommandAction ( ) method. Consequently, upon request of CmFind command, SearchRecordstore ( ) initiates searching and it involves assigning SearchFilter ( ) class instance which associates it with record enumeration object Enrique Eric 2001). Sprites basics (Image Sets and Tools Class) and package classes (Graphics class) Spites basics animation in Java can be written in frame animation, sprite animation, and/or both of the two. Mostly, these are used to write mobile enabled application games. There are a number of classes which are important to learn in order to understand Java programming and in particular the sprite animation. These include the Toolkit, Image, Graphics, Random, and Media Tracker. Image class is regarded as the super class when compared with the others and it represents graphical images. Besides, images have to be obtained in a platform specific manner (Richard, 2001). The fact that image is an abstract class makes it impossible to instantiate objects in this class, and besides objects of type image are obtained by applying a roundabout approach. Hence, it makes use of tool kit class. In regard to tool toolkit class, it is probable access system-dependent resources by making use of system their unique codes. In the Graphics class [cite page 8] there are two variables but of particular importance is the Graphics reference type as shown below. Figure 1. The Graphics class. private Graphics offScreenGraphicsCtx; private Thread animationThread; Listing 2 Note: Richard, GB, 2001, Fun with Java: Sprite Animation, Part 1 It refers to an object that serves as an off-screen graphics context and ‘is an area of memory that serves as a stand-in for the computer screen’. It facilitates to rapidly blast pictures from the off-screen Graphics context onto the actual computer screen. As this process does not interfere with the visible image when creating pictures, it renders a ‘smoother animation which can be achieved by creating and drawing the pictures directly on the computer screen’. Thus, it does away with possible distractions and flashing. Graphics class makes provisions for methods which can be applied to draw pictures on a graphics context (Richard, 2001). Development environments for the Windows phone, the Apple iPhone, the Google Android platforms and Location Based Services (LBC). Mobile application development involves a process in which in-built and downloaded applications are developed for hand-held devices suh as cell phones and personal digital assistants. The windows mobile development requires C/ C++ programming language. Visual Studio is nevertheless the most reliable development environment for creating testing, and deploying applications in the Microsoft Windows platform. Besides, this Visual Studio facilitates ample support for the development of Windows Mobile applications. To develop mobile applications, Visual Studio 2005 Edition and Visual Studio Professional Edition are required. Mobile Software Development Kits are freely available but they are dependent on device format and platform. Besides, these Software Development Kits are unique for every every family of Windows Mobile Phone (Enrique Eric 2001). Google Android is an operating system that serves as a platform for mobile applications. The necessary programming language for Android is Java although it is important for the developer to be knowledgeable in XML. In addition one requires Eclipse IDE and to work in Microsoft Windows, Mac OSX, or Linux environments. Android Software Development Kit comprises of: Developer tools such Android Asset Packaging Tool, Android Debug Bridge, Dalvik Debug Monitor Service; Emulator and system images that represents Android operating system; Documentation Sample Code that contains API programming guidelines; Integrated Development environment Support which uses Eclipse IDE as it has special plug-ins (Android Development Tool –speeds up testing process, enables User Interface, application description, and graphical representations). Location Based Services offers mobile phone users a personalized service in order to establish their current physical location. Location API for J2ME (JSR179) is a generic API used to develop Location Based Services. J2ME Location API specification identifies javax. microedition. location which is a discretionary package that facilitates software developers to write wireless Local Based applications for resource-limited mobile devices. JSR179 entails Connected Device Configuration or CLDC version 1. 1 and the type of hardware platform determines applicable location methods (Enrique Eric 2001 PP. 20-39). To develop operating system for iphone, one requires working on a Mac OSX computer that runs X code tools. X code is suite that provides support for project management, building executables, code editing, source-level debugging, and performance tuning others. X-code application provides the foundation source-code development environment and besides x-code is the only probable tool to use in creating iphone applications. As mentioned earlier, iphone Software Development Kit runs only on Mac environment that have installed Intel processors (Enrique Eric 2001 PP. 40-50). Bibliography Enrique, O Eric, G 2001, Mobile information device profile for Java 2 micro edition: The ultimate guide to creating applications for wireless devices, John Wiley Sons, New York. Richard, GB, 2001, Fun with Java: Sprite Animation, Part 1, viewed 17 May 2010, http://www. developer. com/java/other/article. php/893471/Fun-with-Java-Sprite-Animation-Part-1. htm

Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations 2007

Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations 2007 The 2007 Regulations The key aim of CDM 2007 is to incorporate health and safety into management of all construction projects as well as to encourage everyone else in the project to give a combined effort to: Improve the planning and management of projects from the very start Identify risks early on Target effort where it can do the most good in terms of health and safety Discourage unnecessary bureaucracy. The drafters stated goal to remove useless bureaucracy is a definite advance on previous regulations such as manual paperwork that contributes little to risk management and such a waste of resources (according to the ACoP) may prove to be a distraction from actual business leading to risk reduction and risk management. The removal of requirement for a designated planning supervisor and the introduction of the CDM coordinator role is also seen as a positive step by most people. The clients role CDM 2007 stipulates that clients must not â€Å"appoint or engage a CDM coordinator, designer, principal contractor or contractor unless he has taken reasonable steps to ensure that the person to be appointed or engaged is competent† and must then ensure that they co-operate and co-ordinate their efforts. The Approved Code of Practice contains detailed information on the process and procedures that may be followed when determining the competence of the various post holders mentioned above. Clients are expected to make appointments to the above roles at the first opportunity in order to contribute to risk reduction throughout planning stages. It is generally accepted that impractical deadlines as well as failure to assign adequate funds are regarded as two major factors leading to poor control or increased project risk. As such, clients need to consider all resources such as staff equipment and time required for planning and conducting the work correctly when making appointments and inform prospective candidates accordingly. For all construction projects, CDM 2007 says the client needs to: Appoint the right people: competent designers and builders with sufficient resources, who are members of a reputable trade association Allow adequate time; rushed projects are unsafe, poorly planned and poor quality Provide adequate information to their teams, to enable them to design and plan a structure that is safe to build, safe to use and safe to maintain Ensure they communicate and cooperate with their teams throughout the project, especially during the design stage when issues such as buildability, usability and maintainability of the (finished) structure are up for discussion Ensure suitable management arrangements, using practicable risk assessments and workable method statements Make sure adequate welfare facilities are provided on site before work starts Ensure workplaces are designed to comply with the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992. For construction projects that must be notified to the HSE under CDM that is, any project scheduled for more than 30 days or involves more than 500 days of work when all workers time is totalled the client also needs to do the following: Appoint a CDM coordinator to advise and assist on CDM duties (but note that CDM 2007 does not require the CDM coordinator to supervise or monitor work on site) Appoint a principal contractor to plan, manage and coordinate construction Ensure the principal contractor produces a construction phase health and safety plan outlining the key arrangements so as to ensure work is carried out safely and without risks to health; work should not start on site until there is an adequate plan Keep the health and safety file: at the end of the project, the CDM coordinator should hand over the health and safety file to the client (ideally at the topping-out ceremony). The file is a record of useful health and safety information to assist the client in managing risk during maintenance and repair, additional construction work, or even demolition. It should be kept safe (preferably in the building), made available to anyone who needs to alter or maintain the structure, and kept up to date as circumstances change. Coordinator role According to L144 Approved Code of Practice to CDM 2007, the critical role of a CDM coordinator is to reduce risks of being hurt on construction sites. The client has to ensure that a coordinator is appointed up to the end of construction phase of that venture, although the actual company/individual carrying out the role can change. Where no such appointment is made, the client themselves will be held to take on the role of CDM coordinator and accordingly will have to abide by duties imposed in regulations 20 and 21 concerning the CDM coordinator. The duties of the CDM coordinator are to: Give suitable and sufficient advice and assistance to clients to enable them to comply with their duties; Notify the HSE about the project; Co-ordinate design work, planning and other preparation for construction where relevant to health and safety; Identify and collect the pre-construction information and advise the client if surveys need to be commissioned to fill significant gaps; Promptly provide in a convenient form to those involved with the design of the structure and to every contractor who may be or has been appointed by the client, such parts of the preconstruction information that are relevant; Manage the flow of health and safety information between clients, designers and contractors; Advise the client on the suitability of the initial construction phase plan and the arrangements made to ensure that welfare facilities are on site from the start; and Produce or update a relevant, user friendly, health and safety file suitable for future use at the end of the construction phase. Duty details The CDM coordinator is required to help the client to develop an appropriate management arrangement, and needs to advise clients on adequacy of appointed management. There are a number of issues that require consideration including ensuring that: The client is aware of their duties and understands what is expected of them; The principal contractor has been given enough time to plan and prepare for the work; Suitable arrangements are in place for developing the plan to cover risks that arise as the work progresses; The principal contractor has made arrangements for providing welfare facilities on site from the outset; and The PC has prepared a construction phase plan that addresses the main risks during the early stages of construction. When they work on notifiable projects, all contractors must: Check the client is aware of their duties under CDM 2007 and that a CDM coordinator has been appointed Check the CDM coordinator has notified the HSE about the project before work starts Cooperate with the principal contractor in planning and managing work, including agreeing on site rules and reasonable directions Provide details to the principal contractor of any subcontractors they engage in connection with carrying out the work Provide any information needed for inclusion in the health and safety file Promptly inform the principal contractor of any problems with or concerns about either the initial or construction phase health and safety plan Promptly report to the principal contractor any injuries, accidents, occupational diseases or dangerous occurrences. Clients are required to make available project related all health and safety information to the coordinator so that this may be passed onto prospective contractors and designers. A comprehensive list of information is given in the ACoP as an appendix. The information required includes details of the project and the management arrangements, along with information in respect of hazards such as location of utility services, information on existing structures and ground conditions. The principal contractors role Once appointed on a notifiable project, the principal contractors duties are to: Plan, manage and monitor the construction phase in liaison with all contractors and subcontractors Prepare, develop and implement a written construction phase health and safety plan and site rules; the initial plan should be completed and in place before the construction phase begins Ensure that all contractors and subcontractors are given copies of, and made aware of, their relevant parts of the plan Make sure there are adequate welfare facilities on site from the start of the project and that they are maintained and kept clean throughout the construction phase Check the competence of all appointed contractors and subcontractors Ensure everyone on site has a health and safety induction and receives any additional information, instruction and training deemed necessary to undertake their work in a safe and healthy manner Consult all workers on site regularly, ensure the site is secured at all times and Liaise with the CDM coordinator about any ongoing design work. Appointing the coordinator CDM 2007 requires appointment of coordinator to occur at earliest once the preliminary designs or related groundwork for construction project has started. Clearly, appointment of the coordinator will require some form of judgement to be made in terms of whether or not a project is likely to be notifiable. As soon as is practicable is not defined, but the ACoP requires the coordinator to be in a position of aligning health and safety aspects of designs and recommend compatibility and suitability of this design work. In accord, the coordinator needs to be appointed before any major detailed design is worked on. This major detailed design is considered as the preparation for early concept of both implementation and design during strategic briefs (typically Stages A and B of Royal Institute of British Architects plan of work stages). The reason for this is that as a project progresses the level of difficulty for making changes increases which would reduce risks. The coordinator can company or an individual or appointed independently or a combination with other roles (such as project manager or designer). However, the ACoP states that where roles are combined and performed by a single individual, it becomes critical for the CDM coordinator to have adequate independence for carrying out tasks in an effective manner. This can often be the case for larger projects, where tasks may be ‘shared out, but in these circumstances, it is significant to ensure that coordinators duties are clearly laid out and discharged. Assessing competence As with other appointments, coordinators competence must be assessed. As well as the necessary technical expertise, the coordinator will require sufficient social skills so as to promote cooperation between project designers and others. In particular, the ACoP highlights that the coordinator needs sufficient knowledge of: Health and safety in construction work; The design process; and The importance of co-ordination of the design process. The level of education needs to be germane to the project and the client has to consider complexity and size of construction project as well as the type of risks that may emerge. The coordinator does not necessarily have to be a designer, but they do need to have sufficient knowledge of design process so as to better analyse health and safety implications of it. Appendix 4 of the ACoP provides guidance as to the assessment process for both organisations that may be acting as a coordinator, as well as individuals within the organisation or who are acting in a stand-alone capacity. Typically, the evidence needed to demonstrate competence will include: The number of persons engaged in the project who have passed a construction health and safety assessment (eg CITB Construction Skills); Evidence of health and safety knowledge (eg NEBOSH Construction Certificate); Membership of professional bodies with level of membership commensurate with the complexity of the construction project; Evidence of continuing professional development; and Evidence of experience in the particular type of work to be undertaken. The designers role The designers duties according to CDM Regulations are to: Inform the client of client duties under the CDM Regulations and the requirements of the accompanying ACoP (this is still the case under CDM 2007) Ensure the design considers the need to avoid foreseeable risks to construction workers and others affected, such as cleaners (still the case under CDM 2007 and the ACoP) Combat at source risks to the health and safety of construction workers and others affected (still the case under CDM 2007 and the ACoP) Give priority to control measures that protect all on site not just individuals (still the case under CDM 2007 and the ACoP) Ensure that the design includes adequate information about construction site hazards (still the case under CDM 2007 and the ACoP) Cooperate with the planning supervisor and with other designers (not the case under CDM 2007 and the ACoP, as the planning supervisor role has now been replaced by the CDM coordinator, whose main role is to provide the client with a key project adviser on construction health and safety risk management matters; hence the designer needs to liaise with the CDM coordinator as well as with other designers). The importance of the designers role in terms of the ability to design out hazards from the start of any project (risk elimination/avoidance) and the need to specify the use of safer materials and construction methods. The designers role is also important to design the building/structure to be safe to use and maintain and also to provide fundamental information that is to be included in health and safety plan as well as in file. In all construction projects, designers are required to reduce hazards risks during the design stage and present sufficient information regarding effectively combating the remaining (foreseeable) risks. While, for all notifiable projects, designers also have to check that the client has knowledge of their duties under CDM 2007 and also that a CDM coordinator has been timely appointed and provides required information for health and safety file. In line with CDM 2007, designers are not responsible for providing information on unforeseeable risks which cannot realistically be anticipated simply fromdesign brief. Designers are not instructed specify construction methods however, they may do so in cases where the design requires particular construction sequence as well as in cases of a competent contractor requiring such information. Designers also do not have to practice health and safety management functions as they are exercised by contractors or others neither do they have to be concerned in relation to trivial risks. Everyone elses roles Anyone else on site, who doesnt fall into the categories above listed so far, must check their own competence, assist others and organize their work in order to make sure that health and safety of all construction workers and others (such as members of the public) who may possibly be affected by their work activities. Also, they need to report evident risks and follow through requirements laid out in Schedule 3 (workplace inspection reports) and Part 4 (health and safety duties on construction sites) of CDM 2007 for any work under their control. They also need to apply general protection principles as specified in Schedule 1 to the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (Management Regulations) when carrying out their duties. The principles of protection listed in the Management Regulations should be used by all dutyholders under CDM 2007 and direct how they identify and implement precautions necessary to control construction and demolition risks. The principles are: Avoiding risks Evaluating those that cannot be avoided Combating the risks at source Adapting the work to the individual, especially in the design of workplaces, the choice of work equipment and the choice of working and production methods, with a view to alleviating monotonous work and work at a predetermined work rate, and to reducing their effects on health Adapting to technical progress Replacing the dangerous with the non-dangerous or the less dangerous Developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organisation of work, working conditions, social relationships, and the influence of factors relating to the working environment Giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures Giving appropriate instructions to employees. However, it is worth mentioning there here there is no explicit mention of the issue and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) anywhere in general principles of protection, reinforcing the view that PPE is not an acceptable control measure but merely a barrier (often temporary) between people and hazards. Issues with Coordinator The CDM coordinator should advise clients on carrying out competency assessments. But frequently the CDM coordinator is appointed at the same time as the principal contractor and often it is the same company. Clearly some earlier advice would be useful to the unsophisticated client when choosing the CDM coordinator and the CDM coordinator should be appointed before anyone else is engaged. In reality, only an appointee can know whether they have the necessary skills and expertise to be truly competent and the client may not have asked about competence in the tender documents. While appointees can be asked to give warranties as to their competency, capacity and resources, these are of little use if there is an incident, a delay or a prosecution. In addition, companies will often put forward their best people to win the contract, but those people might not end up actually doing the work. One way to safeguard against this is to include clauses in the contract of appointment specifying minimum qualifications/competencies/experience levels, or even naming key people. The planning period CDM 2007 requires clients to allocate enough time before construction starts in order to facilitate the planning and preparation. As part of the preconstruction information that clients must provide to the contractors they appoint, they must inform them of minimum time beforehand the construction phase that is basically plans the preparation of construction work. Some standard construction contracts require this CDM planning period to be stipulated in the contract but this is still not common practice. In many cases, the clients lack of knowledge means they are not specifying any planning period and simply giving an end date for works to be completed. Clients are obliged under CDM to provide the â€Å"pre-construction information† that is, information they have already or what is realistically attainable. This might include information about the existing site and structures, including location of services, storage of hazardous materials or the presence of asbestos. Where the information is vital to planning works safely (a ground survey, for example), frequently the client might not already have this information but it would be reasonable for them to obtain it. Uncertainty as to whose responsibility it is to provide reasonably obtainable material can lead to contractors taking risks where timescales are tight. In cases of gaps in information, it may be the clients task to make sure that they present information, but it may be the contractors who are contractually obliged to obtain it. Unsophisticated clients might not have the information, they may not seek the advice they need and they might not want to pay for additional surveys. If clients get the issue of information requests sorted out early on, as part of the procurement or tendering process, they can minimise the risks of a contractor delay. If principal contractors get the issue of information flow sorted out early on, they will minimise the risk from being surprised by site hazards and may even impress the client with their efficiency. However, over the last six months (and even under the old CDM Regulations), a different approach has been common. The principal contractor is frequently required to take the risk of commissioning surveys and to obtain other relevant information which, in many cases, the client should already have. In addition, clients who are tenants of a site will not always seek information from the land or building owner, or tell the principal contractor to ask the owner for further information. Though managing things in this old way is contrary to the spirit of CDM 2007, it should not be problematic so long as the information is actually obtained, collated and provided to the relevant parties early enough to allow for the planning and preparation of the construction works. However, where timescales are tight, risks are likely to be taken which could jeopardise delivery dates as well as profit. Costs of CDM 2007 Implementation HSCs Construction Industry Advisory Committee (‘CONIAC) suggests that the most optimum manner of delivering change is to revise CDM Regulations 94 and also the CHSW Regulations 96 along with supporting ACOP. Such decision reflects experience from past corrective attempts that draw on productive aspects of these measures and is regarded by the construction industry as an acceptable response that adequately addresses the many questions raised, whilst, holding on to commonly accepted principles of CDM Regulations 94 putting into action provisions of TCMS Directive and including Better Regulation principles. Collective costs of implementing CDM Regulations 07 have been anticipated between  £1.0 and  £2.8 billion while, quantified benefits such as safety benefits and productivity improvements are expected within  £1.96 to  £5.9 billion. However, the estimated health and safety benefits are uncertain. Moreover, it is improbable for them to smaller than the figure included within general estimate as health benefits are not quantified. Additionally, the costs to familiarisation CDM Regulations 07 with clients have not been estimated as the number of clients per year is not recorded. However, it is reported that annually 65% of clients are classified as â€Å"repeat clients† and are also assumed be involved in five projects per year while, remaining 35% clients are the only ones involved in single project. Out of which 70% are classified as â€Å"commercial clients†. Supposing client familiarisation with CDM Regulations 07 takes up to eight hours while, receiving an average client wage and a supposed 100% compliance (an unlikely eventuality), then, the present cost of familiarisation is around  £57 million. The objectives that must be met on any construction project such as quality, cost and time objectives can be listed as major priorities. However, the key to achieving these objectives is usually the strength of the relationship with the client. This requires a sound understanding of their requirements. Construction companies tend to not work with a client if the relationship is anticipated to be adversarial and instead choose to work as collaborative partners in order to achieve successful project outcomes. It is also important to establish a strong and effective project team by choosing people that are well suited to the specific project. This needs very careful consideration in relation to complex projects, such as the Olympic Park development. Previously, relationships between designers, engineers and quantity surveyors were often adversarial, while, successful projects require the team members to work in a collegiate fashion with mutual respect for one another so that they can each perform at their best. The ‘Constructing Excellence agenda has not been sufficiently embraced by the industry as a whole, although there are some good examples of projects that have successfully adopted the initiatives. For instance, private construction companies have embraced ideas such as standardisation to drive down cost and increase value. There have also been similar initiatives in the public sector. A good example is the MODs Single Living Accommodation Modernisation programme (‘SLAM) which sets out to upgrade the worst service personnel accommodation by 2012. In light of these positive examples, it is possible for the industry as a whole to adopt better practice and achieve greater success. Indeed, there are considerable financial pressures on projects in the current downturn and so it is imperative that more efficient methods are adopted to provide better value for money to clients. Adopting smarter ways of working makes it possible to reduce construction costs by 20-30% and not by cutting the contractors margin which is usually counter-productive and does not yield significant savings in any case. Real savings can be achieved by standardising construction and simplifying the procurement process. Under control The CDM Regulations 2007 establish a clear procedure for managing health and safety risk on construction sites. Prior to adoption of latest regulations, the HSE held a very constructive dialogue with the industry over a period of six years, which has meant that they have quickly received tacit acceptance. Construction companies have implemented initiatives to bring about behavioural and cultural change with respect to health and safety. For instance, there are ‘incident/injury free policies on our which have been taken up by others. More can be done by the industry as a whole and it is important to share ideas on best practice. There are various initiatives that the HSE have been engaged with recently, such as worker involvement, site induction training and supervisor competency. The HSE is much maligned in the press but that emanates from peoples misunderstanding of its role. The first aspect to note is that HSE is not accountable for prescribing how activities should be conducted. In fact, the onus is on the individual or organisation carrying out such a task to undertake their own risk assessment to determine the safest method of working using the available guidance from bodies such as the HSE. The HSEs purpose is to administer health and safety law and regulations and it has an enforcement role where there have been breaches. In light of the risks highlighted by the recent crane collapses, the Tower Crane Action Group has consulted widely and has published excellent guidance, which is available on the Strategic Forum website. Similarly, the HSE produce excellent best practice guidance notes, which are available to down load on their website. The guidance is aimed at various types of business, although sadly it is not always being followed. Had the HSE guidance on running a hair salon been followed, for example, then the recently publicised incident of a hairdresser disfiguring a customer with toxic hair products could have been avoided. Additionally, organisations are not properly addressing occupational health hazards. Three thousand people a year die from occupational health issues and scores of people suffer from illness and disability Conclusion Under the predecessor to CDM, the principal contractor was seen by the HSE as being in control of the whole construction site. But in practice, there were often difficulties controlling the entire site, and in particular in supervising subcontractors or the clients nominated subcontractors work. This is still difficult to manage, and particularly where there is no contractual right to restrict attendance on site. Clients own contractors will often turn up on their sites while principal contractors are supposed to be in control. Utilities companies or other contractors may have separate contracts with the client and the principal contractor will have to deal with these in addition to agreed site procedures and the existing programme. In contract, a client can allow the principal contractor to control access to the site for all subcontractors and also require any subcontractors to carry out detailed supervision of their workers. In some cases, a site lease may even be appropriate. The client has to carry out competency checks on any contractors they instruct before appointment. In the contracts, it is also possible to specify who should carry out continued monitoring on the site to inform the client about ongoing competence, to restrict entry to the site or to restrict contractors ability to tender for future work. The ACoP clarifies that it is the clients duty to perform practical steps for ensuring suitable management arrangements carry out their duties throughout the construction project by in such a manner as to preclude risks to health. This is in addition to the duty to ensure that principal contractors prepare a construction phase plan that complies with CDM 2007 as well as welfare installations that would be adequate throughout construction phase. Clients arent required actually to manage the works but they do have to check that all management arrangements are appropriate and are being followed though from the initial stages of project. The ACoP specifies that they are allowed to rely on advices of a competent CDM coordinator for making judgments as to the adequacy of the management arrangements. Clients also need to be careful to not take an active role in managing construction works because CDM 2007 places liability on those who control or run the manner in which construction projects are carried out. Similarly, principal contractors need to make it clear who is carrying out the detailed supervision and whether they have control over the subcontractors activities on site if they are to seek to take advantage of the ACoPs advice that principal contractors do not have to undertake the responsibility of detailed supervisions of the contractors work. In summary, the management arrangements that can be detailed in the contract include: Control over the site Control over subsubcontracting without notification Ongoing competency checks Levels of detailed supervision required of subcontractors The time allowed for planning and preparation The arrangement for communicating among the dutyholders and reporting to the client The provision of pre-construction information and reasonably obtainable information The format and quality of information for the health and safety file The provision of the construction phase plan and all updates to the client (and cdm coordinator). The more that is set down in the contract, the less likely any of the duties are to fall between the stools of the dutyholders. Increasing the level of detail in the contracts can help to safeguard all parties against delays caused by incidents or regulatory breaches (which can often wipe out the profit on a project). It can also be useful in removing uncertainty which in turn could help to prevent accidents or even reduce the need for any of the parties to develop a defence to a charge under health and safety legislation. References (2007). CDM UPDATE: After a long consultation the new CDM regulati

Concepts and Research into Green Networking

Concepts and Research into Green Networking Green Networking Abstract: Saving of excessive energy consumption is becoming a key concern in networking, because of theprobable economical benefits. These concerns, usually argued to as â€Å"green networking†, relate to inserting energy-awareness in the strategy, in the devicesand in the protocols of networks. In this work, I first formulate a more precise definition of the â€Å"green† attribute. I further more classify a few standards that are key enablers of energy-aware networking research. I then overview the up-to-date state of the art and offer a catalog of the relevant work, with a superior focus on networking. Introduction: Recent studies shows that Information Technology and communication advances are responsible for significant amount of world electric power consumptions which ranges from 2% to 10%, that is one of the contributing factor for global warming, via gases release from greenhouse and from the growth of demand of internet applications and services. Therefore, for these reasons energy efficient and sustainable networking often called â€Å"Green Networking†, has become a hot issue in the last few years. Definition: Green Networking is the practice of selecting energy-efficient networking technologies and products, and minimizing resources use whenever possible. [1] All facets of Information Technology and Communication are under supervision, from energy-saving design of all networking devices, to strategies which reflect the entire network’s energy depletion in the planning, design, implementation and management points, to new approach for long-run sustainability of the networking which covers reformed attitudes of users’ as well as smart energy mowing techniques.This special concern on Green Networking intentions at providing revolutionary influences to the research and development of energy-efficient networking solutions and approaches for network sustainability. Motivation for research and review: There are many complexities in network, unnecessary traffic congestion, and more power wastages due to unnecessary idling of node at the current situation of networking.Therefore, I have used one research paper published on the subject and examining the viewpoints to the matter.To the paper, I have added an analysis section where I reflect on the paper value, and discuss important points listed in the paper on the subject. Green Networking With Packet Processing Engines: Modeling and Optimization Published on:14th February, 2013. IEEE Computer Society Authors: Raffaele Bolla, RobertoBruschi, Alessandro Carrega, and Franco Davoli With the goal of monitoring power consumption in metro/transport and main networks, the paper reflects energy-aware devices capable to shrink their energy chucks by adjusting their performance. In specific, the paper focuses on state-of-the-art packet processing engines, which normally characterize the most energy-consuming apparatuses of network devices, and that are often collected of a number of parallel pipelines to â€Å"divide and conquer† the received traffic load. The paper talk about goal to control both the power structure of pipelines and the way to issue traffic flows among them. The authors proposed an analytical model to precisely represent the impact of green network technologies (i.e., low power idle and adaptive rate) on network-aware and energy-aware performance indexes. The model has been confirmed with experimental consequences, accomplished by using energy-aware software routers loaded by real-world traffic traces. The attained outcomes determine how the p rojected model can successfully epitomize energy-aware and network-aware presentation indexes. The method goals at dynamically adjusting the energy-aware device structure to lessen energy consumption whereas handling with received traffic signals and gathering network performance limitations. In order to genuinely comprehend the impact of such policy, a number of experiments have been executed by using experimental data from software router designs and real-world traffic traces. Analysis: In this paper, the authors considered energy-aware network devices (e.g., routers, switches, etc.) able to trade their energy consumption for packet forwarding performance by means of both low power idle and adaptive rate schemes. The proposed analytical model is able to capture the impact of power management capabilities on network performance metrics. The analytical framework considers stochastic incoming traffic at the packet level with Long Range Dependency (LRD) properties. On the basis of the analytical model, authors have chosen the parameters characterizing the joint usage of Adaptive Rate(AR) and Low Power Idle(LPI) energy-aware capabilities by optimizing the desired tradeoff between energy consumption and Quality of Service(QoS) while at the same time enforcing the satisfaction of given upper bounds on both. Since the performance and cost indicators used in the optimization depend on incoming traffic volumes and statistical features (notably, burst inter-arrival time and av erage burst length), researchers repeat the optimization periodically under updated estimations of these quantities. The modeling and control framework has been validated experimentally by using a Linux-based open software router with AR and LPI primitives under traffic generated by real-world traces; the results demonstrate how the proposed model can effectively represent energy-aware and network-aware performance indexes. Therefore proposed model, is efficient and addressing green networking maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) in the network. Green Strategies Traditionally, networking systems are designed and dimensioned according to principles that are inherently in opposition with green networking objectives: namely, over-provisioning and redundancy. On the other hand, due to the lack of Quality of Service (QoS) provision from the Internet architecture, over-provisioning is a common practice: networks are dimensioned to sustain peak hour traffic, with extra capacity to allow for unexpected happenings. As a result, through low traffic periods, over-provisioned networks are also over-energy-consuming. Furthermore, on behalf of resiliency and fault-tolerance, networks are also deliberate in a redundant manner. Devices are added to the structure with the sole purpose of taking over the duty when another device fails, which further adds to the overall energy ingesting. These objectives, drastically divergent to the environmental ones, make green networking an interesting, and technically challenging, research arena. A major change is indeed needed in networking research and development to introduce energy-awareness in the network design, deprived of compromising either the Quality of Service (QoS) or the network consistency. This section illustrates a few key paradigms that the network infrastructure can exploit to reach the green objectives formalized above. We individuate three classes of solution, namely resource consolidation, virtualization and  selective connectedness  [2]. These three categories represent three research directions, which may find further detailed applications in device and protocol design. Resource consolidation regroups all the dimensioning strategies to reduce the global consumption due to devices underutilized at a given time. Given that the traffic level in a given network approximately follows a well-known daily and weekly behavior [3], there is an opportunity to â€Å"adapt† the level of active over-provisioning to the current network conditions. In other words, the required level of performance will still be guaranteed, but using an amount of resources that is dimensioned for current network traffic demand rather than for the peak demand. This can, for example, be achieved by shutting down some lightly loaded routers and rerouting the traffic on a smaller number of active network equipment. Resource consolidation is already a popular approach in other fields, in particular data centers and CPU. Virtualization regroups a set of mechanisms allowing more than one service to operate on the same section of hardware, hence refining the hardware operation. It results in a lowered energy consumption, as long as a single machine under high load consumes less than several lightly loaded ones, which is generally the case. Virtualization can be applied to multiple kinds of resources, comprising network links, storage hardware, software resources, etc. A typical example of virtualization consists in sharing servers in data centers, thus reducing hardware costs, improving energy management and reducing energy and cooling costs, ultimately reducing data center carbon footprint. In the current context, virtualization has already been deployed with success: e.g., the US Postal Service has virtualized 791 of its 895 physical servers [4]. As virtualization is a more mature research field, we refer the interested reader to [5] for a detailed survey of virtualization techniques from a computer architecture perspective, and to [6] for a networking perspective. At the same time, it should be noted that a virtualization solution designed explicitly to reduce network energy consumption has yet to appear. Applying the same base concept, selective connectedness of devices, as outlined in [7], [8], consists in distributed mechanisms allowing single pieces of equipment to go idle for some time, as clearly as probable for the rest of the networked devices. If the consolidation principle relates to resources that are shared within the network infrastructure, selective connectedness allows instead to turn off unused resources at the edge of the network. For instance, edge nodes can go idle in order to avoid supporting network connectivity tasks (e.g., periodically sending heartbeats, receiving unnecessary broadcast traffic, etc.). These tasks may have to be taken over by other nodes, such as proxies, momentarily faking identity of sluggish devices, so that no essentialmodification is required in network protocols Conclusion: This article surveyed the efforts that the research community has been spending in the attempt to reduce the energy waste in fixed networks, which are usually denoted as â€Å"green networking†. I presented the importance of the issue, its definition and mainstream paradigms, and proposed a taxonomy of the relevant related work. Examining the state of the art, we observe that a few techniques are emerging, which can be roughly categorized as (i) resource consolidation, (ii) virtualization (iii) selective connectedness. It also emerges from my analysis that despite the relative youth of the green networking field, research in some of the above areas is already mature, with advanced standardization efforts and prototyping results. Finally, as the ultimate goal of networking is to provide services to end-users, the quality of such services and of the user experience is a topic that spans over all the previous branches. Indeed, while energy efficiency is becoming a primary issue, it shall never be neglected that the energy gain must not come at the price of a network performance loss. This delicate tradeoff arises from opposite principles: indeed, while networked systems have traditionally be designed and dimensioned according to principles such as overprovisioning and redundancy, green networking approaches praise opposite practices such as resource-consolidation and selective-connectedness. The challenge lays in this case in applying the latter principles in a way that is as transparent as possible to the user – in other words, avoiding that resource consolidation translates into congestion, or that selective connectedness translates into unreachability. While the first wave of green studies focused mor e on the achievable energy gain, we believe that a systematic evaluation of networking performance from the user-perspective should be undertaken as well. Indeed, in all branches interesting questions remain, which deserve precise quantitative answers: Finally, we believe that while, for the time being, techniques of different branches have been studied in isolation, future research should address the combined impact of different techniques as well. Indeed, even though each of the above techniques alone do not constitute serious threats for the QoS perceived by the end-user, however it is not guaranteed that the joint use of several technique will not raise unexpected behaviour. Due to the current rise in green networking research and attention, it cannot be excluded that, in a near future, users will run Energy Aware Applications, in a home equipped with a green set-top-box implementing Interface Proxying functionalities, and will access the Internet through an Internet Service Pro vider implementing Energy Aware Routing in devices interconnected by Adaptive Link Rate lines – which opens a number of interesting questions that are so far all unexplored. References: [1] â€Å"Discussion Definition of green networking,†http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/green-networking [2] â€Å"International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,†http://ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_4/9_September2014/V4I9-0353.pdf [3] A. Qureshi, R. Weber, H. Balakrishnan, J. Guttag, and B. Maggs, â€Å"Cutting the Electric Bill for Internet-Scale Systems,† in Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SIGCOMM 2009), (Barcelona, Spain), Aug. 2009. [4] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Energy Star Program, â€Å"Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law 109-431,† Tech. Rep. , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Aug. 2007. [5] S. Nanda and T.-C. Chiueh, â€Å"A Survey on Virtualization Technologies,† Tech. Rep. TR179, Department of Computer Science, SUNY at Stony Brook, 2005. [6] N. M. Kabir Chowdhury and R. Boutaba, â€Å"A Survey of Network Virtualization,† Tech. Rep. CS-2008-25, University of Waterloo, Oct.2008. [7] K. Christensen, C. Gunaratne, B. Nordman, and A. D. George, â€Å"The Next Frontier for Communications Networks: Power Management,†Computer Communications, vol. 27, pp. 1758–1770, Dec. 2004. [8] M. Allman, K. Christensen, B. Nordman, and V. Paxson, â€Å"Enabling an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Through Selectively Connected End Systems,† in Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-VI), (Atlanta, Georgia, USA), Nov. 2007.

The Successful Repositioning of Lucozade Essay -- GCSE Business Manage

The Successful Repositioning of Lucozade Lucozade has successfully repositioned itself in the market. Describe and analyse the marketing strategy used by the business to increase profit? A recent report on the UK Market for sports and energy drinks showed that the category has continued to grow at an explosive rate with more than 20 launches and relaunches in that market alone last year. Probably one of the most successful relaunches of the 1990s was the repositioning of Lucozade from a health drink to a sports drink. Lucozade is now one of the most widely recognized brands in Britain, but it has taken a long time to get, so we have to ask ourselves – How did this happen? Lucozade has been around since the 1920s and was originally sold as glocozade glucose based energy drink for sick children. Later it was rebranded as lucozade and again marketed as a health drink, something you would drink when your energy levels needed boosting such as when you were sick or visiting someone in hospital who was sick; again you would take them a bottle of lucozade. However from the 1990s lucozade rebranded and also extended their brand name Lucozade sport and later Lucozade energy, this rebrand happened for a reason and was part of a strategic marketing campaign to coincide with changes in people’s perception of work, sport and general social attitudes. More often than not, it is social changes, technology and science that push a product in a certain direction...

Speech Understanding Software -- Essays Papers

Speech Understanding Software In the past computers were completely impractical and never thought to be used for personal reasons. Today computers are a common household item easily accessible to anyone. In the future the computer will be even more focused around the user creating less work for the user. This future will be made possible through Human Centric computing. Human centric computing will make computers easy to work with. The main focus is to create a world where computers are everywhere and easy to use. One method of creating a more human interface is by implementing speech understanding software. This software is already improving at an amazing pace. Most reviews of speech understanding software I've read are highly critical about the speech understanding products. However in most personal reviews of the software people who have been using the currently available software are happy with the products. I think a big part of the problem is our expectations, and most people who have tried speech understanding products have succeeded to understand how the products perform once they are past the initial stages. One application for speech understanding software is the type that works with electronic documents. The User speaks into a microphone and the software translates the sounds into text on-screen. The text can then be saved into a file. That actually can work pretty well, but it still has a lot of weaknesses. Most people who use speech understanding software today don't use it to dictate letters and reports but to control computers, programs, and to process information online. A prime example of how efficiently speech-understanding software is working for those who need information from the Net is Tellme (1-... ...t also understand free flowing speech of multiple languages. Humans will be able to communicate with computers the same way they communicate with other people. When someone will need to ask for a document he or she will simply tell the computer what is needed without having to know where and how the information is stored. Users will be able to specify the information they want without having to go through fixed sets of choices. Computers and users will engage in interactive conversations, allowing the user to retrieve the needed information in a small number of steps. This process will not be restricted by a limited vocabulary, training, or any unneeded pauses. This will take the place of using keyboards and mice to communicate with a computer and will allow the user to be able to deal with the task at hand more efficiently and accomplish goals in a matter of minutes.