Andrew Jackson The Second President Of The Democratic Party

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), Americas seventh President, was born into poverty and became wealthy as a Tennessee lawyer and politician by 1812. His leadership developed while the United States and Britain fought against one another. Throughout the battle Jackson showed great leadership skills and direction. Some say he became America’s most influential and polarizing political figure between the 1820 and 1830. Jackson first ran for President in the 1824 presidential election losing in a close race to John Quincy Adams. Four years later Jackson defeated Adams to become the Seventh President of the United States. America’s political party’s evolved and Jackson was the leader of the Democratic Party. He was a big supporter of states’†¦show more content†¦With this gained knowledge of law he was granted admission to the North Carolina bar in 1787. Shortly after, he began to practice law as a prosecuting attorney in an area which was later known as Nashville, Tennessee. Jackson prospered and gained enough wealth to build a home, called the Hermitage, near Nashville and also purchased slaves. Possibly the start of Jackson’s political career sparked from him joining a convention in 1796, to draft a new Tennessee state constitution. He later became the first man to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee. Jackson declined to seek reelection and returned home March of 1797. Almost directly following his decision, he was elected to the U.S. Senate. Again, Jackson decided to leave and resigned a year later. He was then elected Judge of Tennessee’s superior court. Following this, he was elected to the position of head of the state militia just before the war with Great Britain in 1812, which played a pivotal role for Jackson’s future. Jackson served as a Major General during the War of 1812. Under his command he led the U.S. through a five month long campaign against the Creek Indians which were known allies of the British. He claimed victory in the battle of Tohopeka also known as Horseshoe Bend in Alabama in 1814. Later Jackson led U.S. forces to a victory over the British known as the Battle of New Orleans in 1815.

Personal Values - 1435 Words

Personal Values Development Personal Values Development The development of personal values occurs over a lifetime of living and experiences. What are personal values? What sources shape and influence those values? What criteria and decision making may be used to reshape our personal values? What impact do personal values have in the workplace and on workplace performance? This paper will address these issues from a personal perspective. Personal Values What are personal values? First, many often confuse values and ethics. The terms are not interchangeable but they also do not exist separately from each other. Ethics refers to standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave based on moral duties and virtues derived†¦show more content†¦Schools are not value-neutral environments and are committed to teaching the value of truth. Cheating is not condoned and consequences result when caught. Teachers are role models of behavior and reasoning by the actions they display in their classroom and the structure which they establish for their students. Each of these things will play a role in the development of personal values. As children become more active and involved in school, the sphere of influence widens further. Friends, team mates, school organizations, sports activities, and clubs are examples of influence that continue to mold our value system. Entering the workforce further provides opportunities for our values to be shaped by those surrounding us. Everyone is affected by the culture and values of the companies they work with. Coworkers, managers, and the company’s executives all have the opportunity to participate in the on-going process of influencing and shaping the values of those around them. Professional organizations and civic activities will also play a role in the on-going development of personal values. Do Personal Values Change? A person’s values will change as they get older. With aging, maturity and life experiences, an individual may develop a new and perhaps different understanding of his or her own personal values. What was seemingly important as a child may not be as important as an adult. AtShow MoreRelatedPersonal Value Of Personal Values2610 Words   |  11 PagesPersonal values are fundamental to everyone’s lives. They are the moral compasses that guide us in our lives. They show the world what we believe to be important in our life. Everyone holds different personal values in different orders and will vary person to person. Without them life would never be lived to its fullest. My number one personal value is happiness; life is too short to be unhappy. I am not saying forget all responsibilities and just do what makes you happy. 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Hill Country Foods free essay sample

Country Snack Foods is a company which produce variety of snacks. Their operating strategy is a combination of good products, efficient and low-cost operation, and singular management. * Good products are not only about high quality, but also about to satisfy different type’s customers by producing many kinds of snacks. Customers are satisfied by companies’ quick react to their requirements or preferences and reinvent and expand its products. For example, the company has also tried to change the recipe to meet students’ nutrition requirements. An efficient and low-cost operation is achieved by strong control of budgets and costs. Then, operating and capital budget can be lean and aggressive. * A singular management is as simple as all decisions were made to build shareholders’ value. For the business risk, market is shared by competitors like PepsiCo and Snyder’s-Lance. In this high rivalry industry, company could not succeed by price increase. And unfavourable cost due to both internal and external factors is not easy to control. For the financial risk, the more debt financed the higher financial risk it is. In this case, the company operating strategy allowed it to increase market share by good products and decrease the cost and sustain competitive price by efficient and low-cost operation. In order to have more control power of the company and decrease the risk, the company only extend existing products and acquire smaller specialty companies and all funds are equity financed with no debts. Hence, has no financial risk and interest cost. However, it is questionable that does this zero debt capital structure really maximize the shareholders’ value. Think about what benefits company can get from debts. The implications of Miller and Modigliani’s (1963) proposition 3 suggested that, in the world with tax, company could benefit from gearing-up. The higher the leverage the more tax relief it obtains and the smaller its tax liability becomes. There would also have a lowered after tax WACC. Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a calculation of a firms cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. And the value of firm=Present Value of (after Tax) Cash Flow to Firm, discounted back at WACC. If cash flows to firms are held constant, and cost of capital is minimized, value of firm will be maximised. Thus, as debt increases, the WACC will decrease, and the value of firm increases. Furthermore, debt financing can add discipline to management. In contrast to equity financing, the entrepreneurs are able to make key strategic decisions and also to keep and reinvest more company profit. According to the long-term bonds interest rate in early 2012, market yield on 10-year bonds were under 2%, and a public traded 10-yrs bonds issued by â€Å"A† rated corporations were trading at 3. % yield to maturity, that means debt financing was much cheaper than equity financing as Hill Country’s dividends payout ratio is almost 30%. (In Exhibits 3) In exhibit 2, financial information is compared between Hill Country and its competitors. The Giant, PepsiCo had a debt-to-capital ratio of 49. 6%, though its ROA is a bit lower than Hill Country’s, its ROE of 30. 8% is much h igher than 12. 5%. this may demonstrate that the raise of debt can increase return of equity. So, which capital structure is more optimal for Hill Country in Exhibit 4. We need to calculate the WACC for each capital structures. Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a calculation of a firms cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. See the figure 1 below. Firstly, we need to find cost of debt and cost of equity. The cost of debt can be find in exhibit 5. On this basis, the most commonly accepted method for calculating cost of equity comes from the capital asset pricing model (CAPM): The cost of equity is expressed formulaically below: Re = rf + (rm – rf) * ? Where: †¢Re = the required rate of return on equity †¢rf = the risk free rate †¢rm – rf = the market risk premium †¢? beta coefficient = unsystematic risk The risk free rate can be set as 10-yrs treasury bond rate, which is 1. 8%. And market return is set up to be 10%. Beta changes as the debt ratio changes. See the figure 2 below Beta unlevered =1, and Batas levered are calculated in the excel. And we can get cost of equity by CAPM to calculate WACC. Then, the firm value can als o be calculated. We assume the growth rate of FCF is 8. 2% which is the annual growth rate of sales in 2011. From the table above, we can see that with 20% debt to capital ratio, the company will have the lowest WACC 9. 7% and highest firm value of $9894. 338. Therefore, a 40% of debt should recommend to Hill Country’s capital structure. After the restructure of capital structure, the business risk will increase because the bankruptcy risk will rise long with debt. The two problems from agency theory will come to front, since the decisions are not solely made by shareholder, the control has been diluted. There will be much less dividends payment, and the retained earning can be used for expansion and future growth. More benefits can get from debt financing is that if the corporate bonds are public traded, the company will be rated. In this way, investors will increase confidence if the rate is high which may push the share price up and increase the market value of firm. Other things like tax and expected cost of financial distress affect by debts can be explained in the bellowing graph The graph shows that the value of the firm as a whole can be increased by using higher levels of borrowings, up to a point where the benefits of gearing are offset by the disadvantages of financial distress. Overall, the company and shareholder are all benefited from debts finance which can build up an optimal capital structure with lowest WACC.

Preparation of 1 Bromobutane Essay Example

Preparation of 1 Bromobutane Paper The aim of the experiment is to produce 1 Bromobutane, an alkane within the bromine group on the terminal group.Chemical SafetyChemicalHazardsSafety measuresSodium BromideNo hazardsNoneButan 1 olHarmful vapour, in liquid state chemical is harmful to skin, can be absorbed and cause internal damage. Flammable.Wear goggles and gloves.If spilled ventilate area and wash contact area.Sulphuric AcidVery Corrosive to eyes, skin and materials.Wear gloves and goggles.For large spillage spread sodium carbonate on spill and wash with waterIf contact with skin occurs wash with water.Sodium HydroxideCorrosive.Skin contact harmful.Solution can cause burns.Very dangerous to eyes.Wear cloves and goggles.If contact with skin or eyes occurs wash thoroughly with water.DiagramMethod* Set the equipment up as shown above (picture 1)* Dissolve 8g of sodium bromide in 10cm3 of pure water and stir to create a homologous solution* Add the sodium bromide to 7 cm3 of butan-1-ol in a 50 cm3 pear shaped flask. To this then add 10 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid 1 cm3 at a time.* Mix the solution together by swirling the beaker and then cool under a running tap.* Attach the pear shaped flask to the remainder of the set up equipment and heat until the contents are boiling gently. To prevent over heating use a small Bunsen burner and a gauze.(N.b As the gas given of at this stage of the reaction is hydrogen bromide the experiment must either be carried out in a fume cupboard)* Reflux the solution for half an hour and then re-set the equipment up for direct distillation as shown above (picture B).* Distil the liquid in the flask using a small Bunsen burner. When no more oily drops are obtained stop the distillation. Do not distil the liquid to dryness for the saftey reasons outlined in the hazards table above.* Leave the distillate to settle into two layers, an upper aqueous layer and a lower alkyl bromide layer.* Separate the layers with a separating funnel, discarding the top layer.* Th is leaves the alkyl bromide layer, which is still full of impurities. These include unchanged butan 1 ol, water, hydrogen bromide, bromine and sulphur dioxide.* To purify the alkyl bromide layer transfer the liquid into a separating funnel. Mix the compound with 10 cm3 of pure water, again leave the solution to settle and separate the two layers.* Now mix the bottom layer with 10 cm3 of 2 molar sodium hydroxide. This is to remove the acidic impurities and bromine.* Once the solution has settled run the bottom layer of the solution off into a dry conical flask, and add several pieces of anhydrous calcium chloride.* The liquid will turn cloudy due to the suspended droplets of water. To get rid of these allow the liquid to dry for about ten minutes, swirling the flask occasionally until the liquid becomes clear.* When clear filter the liquid through cotton wool into another clear dry 50 cm3 pear-shaped flask. Add a small amount of powdered pumice and distil, collecting the 1 bromobu tane that will boil of between 99à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 103à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. This will produce a yield of about 7g or 5.5 cm3, which is 65% of the theoretical yield.EquationC4H9OH + NaBr + H2SO4 = C4H9Br + NaHSO4 + H2OMechanismThe first stage of the reaction the sodium bromide reacts with sulphuric acid and forms hydrogen bromide and sodium hydrogen sulphate:NaBr + H2SO4 = HBr + NaHSO4The hydrogen bromide is then oxidised to bromine molecules due to the fact that concentrated sulphuric acid is a very good oxidising agent. The sulphuric acid reacts to form sulphur dioxide gas:HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + 2SO2 (g)During the next stage of the reaction the hydrogen bromide dissociates and the bromide ion from it attacks the Carbon atom with the -OH function group in Butan-1-ol and displaces the -OH function group forming a bromo function group and a hydroxide ion. This bromo group then associates itself with another H+ ion to form water:CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Br- CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH-In the final stage a molec ule of sulphuric acid attacks the lone pair on an -OH function group. This releases a molecule of water, and a mixture of Butoxybutane and But-1-ene is formed, along with the regenerated Sulphuric Acid:CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O + H2SO4or2 CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3(CH2)3O(CH2)3CH3 + H2O + H2SO4ResultsMass of NaBr in pot = 11.47gMass of pot = 3.49gMass of Sodium Bromide = 7.98gMass of collecting beaker = 54.25gMass of distillation and beaker = 58.47gMass of 1 bromobutane collected = 4.22gYield ObtainedTheoretical yield = (moles of limiting reagent)(stoichiometric ratio; desired product/limiting reagent)(Mr of desired product)= (0.0941 mole)(1 mole / 1 mole)(137.03g/ mole)= 12.9gActual mass gained = 4.22gTherefore actual yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100= (4.22/12.9) x 100= 32.7%ConclusionFrom my experiment I have found out that the practical yield of 1 bromobutane when made from butan 1 ol, is a lot lower than the theoretical yield, which was stated in a textbook. This difference in yields could be caused by several reasons most of which are down to human error. The first of these human errors could have occurred whilst the liquids were being decanted from one another, at this stage some of the 1 bromobutane may have been left in the beaker and discarded as to keep the amount of impurities in the flask to a minimum. Another human error, which may have caused a lower yield, would be during direct distillation where the temperature may not have been kept between 99 and 103?c. This would have reduced the yield as the chemicals collected would not be pure and therefore the yield would not be as large. A final human error may have occurred whilst waiting for the substance to dry after the anhydrous calcium chloride has been added, this would have caused a reduced yield as again the substance which was final distilled would have been less pure. Therefore the amount of 1 bromobutane boiled off between the fractions would have been lo wer than in the theoretical experiment.Another reason that the yield may have been lower other than human error would have been any impurities within the solutions, if these impurities did occur then the boiling temperatures of the substances might have been altered. This would effect the amount of substance that is collected in a fraction temperature range and have an overall effect on the final yield. A final reason the practical yield may have been smaller than the theoretical yield is that the reactants may not have been mixed together at optimum conditions, which would reduce the rate of reaction and therefore reduce the final yield.When running the experiment two changes were made, the first was that instead of using potassium bromide as first planned sodium bromide was used. This is because sodium bromide was easier to get a hold of and was more likely to give a decent yield of 1 bromobutane at the end of the experiment. Another change that was made was that at the first dist illation, instead of waiting for all the oily drops to fall the only fraction collected was that which boiled of between 99 to 103?c, the boiling point of 1 bromobutane. This increased the accuracy of the experiment as instead of using qualitative information to decide when to stop distilling the liquid we were using quantitative, making the distil more accurate.Overall however the experiment produced a decent yield of bromobutane even though it was not as high as that worked out in the theoretical experiment.EvaluationOverall I feel that the experiment went well as the final yield produced was at least half of the theoretical yield. However there were a few sources of error and these have been highlighted in the conclusion.There are several ways that some of these problems could have been eradicated, and therefore the final yield would have been even greater. One of the easiest problems would have been to use sensors during distillation to record the temperature this would mean tha t fewer impurities would have been boiled off by accident. Also by setting up the experiment so it was easier to change between conical flasks would reduce that amount of distil which was missed during the change over. Another improvement to increase the yield would be to run the experiment at optimum conditions, which would promote a faster rate of reaction due to more collisions occurring and therefore more products being formed and a higher yield being collected.A final improvement to gain a higher yield would be to have allowed the solution to dry for longer this again would cut out some more impurities and therefore increase the yield. This was not done during the actual exam as time was running out and instead of letting the solution settle and then filter out the solid, the solution was allowed to settle and then the clear layers were removed and placed into the pear shaped flask using a pipette.Even though there were some areas in which the experiment could have been improve d I feel that the experiment went to a decent degree of accuracy and this is shown by the fact that I got quite a large percent of the theoretical yield in my practical yield.